Houthi attacks on Saudi energy infrastructure have consistently targeted oil processing facilities, pipelines, and refineries, primarily in the eastern regions of Saudi Arabia, including Abqaiq and Khurais. The 2019 attack on Abqaiq and Khurais, which temporarily halved Saudi oil production, is the most severe documented incident, but repeated drone and missile strikes on pipelines and storage sites have occurred since at least 2017. Attacks have increased in frequency from 2019 to 2023, with a shift toward smaller, more frequent strikes on distribution infrastructure rather than large-scale facility assaults. Methods include armed drones (UAVs) and ballistic missiles, often launched from Yemen. Geographic focus remains concentrated in the Eastern Province, where the majority of Saudi oil processing and export infrastructure is located.
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